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861 convenciones multilaterales sobre el derecho del medio ambiente, los derechos humanos, el derecho humanitario y el derecho del mar

Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, 1989

Entrada en vigor: domingo, 2 de septiembre de 1990

: 20 nov. 1989

: New York

: Secrétaire Général des Nations Unies

Firmado por 140 países, ratificado por 195 países

Ver la convención Evolución de las ratificaciones

Países signatarios

Países	Fecha de firma	Fecha de ratificación *	Reserva / Declaración	Comentarios
Afganistán	27 sept. 1990	28 mar. 1994	Reserva Upon signature: Declaration: "The Government of the Republic of Afghanistan reserves the right to express, upon ratifying the Convention, reservations on all provisions of the Convention that are incompatible with the laws of Islamic Shari'a and the local legislation in effect."
Albania	26 ene. 1990	27 feb. 1992	-
Alemania	26 ene. 1990	6 mar. 1992	Reserva Objections: 25 June 1992 With regard to the reservations made by Myanmar upon accession: The Federal Republic of Germany considers that the reservations made by the Union of Myanmar regarding articles 15 and 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention (article 51, paragraph 2) and therefore objects to them. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Union of Myanmar and the Federal Republic of Germany. 17 March 1993 With regard to the reservations made by Tunisia upon ratification: The Federal Republic of Germany considers the first of the declarations deposited by the Republic of Tunisia to be a reservation. It restricts the application of the first sentence of article 4 to the effect that any national legislative or statutory decisions adopted to implement the Convention may not conflict with the Tunisian Constitution. Owing to the very general wording of this passage the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is unable to perceive which provisions of the Convention are covered, or may be covered at some time in the future, by the reservation and in what manner. There is a similar lack of clarity with regard to the reservation relating to article 2. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to both these reservations. This objection does not prevent the Convention from entering into force as between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Tunisia. 21 September 1994 With regard to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: This reservation, owing to its indefinite nature, does not meet the requirements of international law. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convtion as between the Syrian Arab Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. 11 August 1995 With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic) upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to the Syrian Arab Republic.] 20 March 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession and Qatar upon ratification: The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany considers that such a reservation, which seeks to limit the responsibilities of [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively] under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively] to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties should be respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to the said reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Federal Republic of Germany and [Malaysia and Qatar, respectively]. Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of Germany, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 13 June 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Botswana upon ratification; - 4 September 1996: with regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession; - 12 February 1997: with regard to the reservations made by Brunei Darussalam and Saudi Arabia upon accession. - 28 January 1998: with regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession.	Withdrawal of the declaration made upon ratification concerning paragraph 2 of article 3.
Andorra	2 oct. 1995	2 ene. 1996	Reserva Declarations: A.- The Principality of Andorra deplores the fact that the [said Convention] does not prohibit the use of children in armed conflicts. It also disagrees with the provisions of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, concerning the participation and recruitment of children from the age of 15.
Angola	14 feb. 1990	5 dic. 1990	-
Antigua y Barbuda	12 mar. 1991	5 oct. 1993	-
Arabia Saudita	-	26 ene. 1996	Reserva [The Government of Saudi Arabia enters] reservations with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law.
Argelia	26 ene. 1990	16 abr. 1993	Reserva Interpretative declarations: Article 14, paragraphs 1 and 2: The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 14 shall be interpreted by the Algerian Government in compliance with the basic foundations of the Algerian legal system, in particular: - With the Constitution, which stipulates in its article 2 that Islam is the State religion and in its article 35 that "there shall be no infringement of the inviolability of the freedom of conviction and the inviolability of the freedom of opinion"; - With Law No. 84-11 of 9 June 1984, comprising the Family Code, which stipulates that a child's education is to take place in accordance with the religion of its father. Articles 13, 16 and 17: Articles 13, 16 and 17 shall be applied while taking account of the interest of the child and the need to safeguard its physical and mental integrity. In this framework, the Algerian Government shall interpret the provisions of these articles while taking account of: - The provisions of the Penal Code, in particular those sections relating to breaches of public order, to public decency and to the incitement of minors to immorality and debauchery; - The provisions of Law No. 90-07 of 3 April 1990, comprising the Information Code, and particularly its article 24 stipulating that "the director of a publication destined for children must be assisted by an educational advisory body"; - Article 26 of the same Code, which provides that "national and foreign periodicals and specialized publications, whatever their nature or purpose, must not contain any illustration, narrative, information or insertion contrary to Islamic morality, national values or human rights or advocate racism, fanaticism and treason. Further, such publications must contain no publicity or advertising that may promote violence and delinquency."
Argentina	29 jun. 1990	4 dic. 1990	Reserva Reservation and declarations made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: Reservation: The Argentine Republic enters a reservation to subparagraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of article 21 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and declares that those subparagraphs shall not apply in areas within its jurisdiction because, in its view, before they can be applied a strict mechanism must exist for the legal protection of children in matters of inter-country adoption, in order to prevent trafficking in and the sale of children. Declarations: Concerning article 1 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic declares that the article must be interpreted to the effect that a child means every human being from the moment of conception up to the age of eighteen. Concerning article 38 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic declares that it would have liked the Convention categorically to prohibit the use of children in armed conflicts. Such a prohibition exists in its domestic law which, by virtue of article 41 of the Convention, it shall continue to apply in this regard. Upon ratification: Declaration: Concerning subparagraph (f) of article 24 of the Convention, the Argentine Republic considers that questions relating to family planning are the exclusive concern of parents in accordance with ethical and moral principles and understands it to be a State obligation, under this article, to adopt measures providing guidance for parents and education for responsible parenthood.
Armenia	-	23 jun. 1993	-
Australia	22 ago. 1990	17 dic. 1990	Reserva Reservations: "Australia accepts the general principles of article 37. In relation to the second sentence of paragraph (c), the obligation to separate children from adults in prison is accepted only to the extent that such imprisonment is considered by the responsible authorities to be feasible and consistent with the obligation that children be able to maintain contact with their families, having regard to the geography and demography of Australia. Australia, therefore, ratifies the Convention to the extent that it is unable to comply with the obligation imposed by article 37 (c)."
Austria	26 ago. 1990	6 ago. 1992	Reserva Reservations: "1. Article 13 and article 15 of the Convention will be applied provided that they will not affect legal restrictions in accordance with article 10 and article 11 of the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950. "2. Article 17 will be applied to the extent that it is compatible with the basic rights of others, in particular with the basic rights of freedom of information and freedom of press." Declarations: "1. Austria will not make any use of the possibility provided for in article 38, paragraph 2, to determine an age limit of 15 years for taking part in hostilities as this rule is incompatible with article 3, paragraph 1, which determines that the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. "2. Austria declares, in accordance with its constitutional law, to apply article 38, paragraph 3, provided that only male Austrian citizens are subject to compulsory military service." Objections: 18 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: "Under article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which is reflected in article 51 of the [Convention] a reservation, in order to be admissible under international law, has to be compatible with the object and purpose of the treaty concerned. A reservation is incompatible with object and purpose of a treaty if it intends to derogate from provisions the implementation of which is essential to fulfilling its object and purpose. The Government of Austria has examined the reservation made by Malaysia to the [Convention]. Given the general character of these reservations a final assessment as to its admissibility under international law cannot be made without further clarification. Until the scope of the legal effects of this reservation is sufficiently specified by Malaysia, the Republic of Austria considers these reservations as not affecting any provision the implementation of which is essential to fulfilling the object and purpose of the [Convention]. Austria, however, objects to the admissibility of the reservations in question if the application of this reservation negatively affects the compliance of Malaysia ... with its obligations under the [Convention] essential for the fulfilment of its object and purpose. Austria could not consider the reservation made by Malaysia ... as admissible under the regime of article 51 of the [Convention] and article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties unless Malaysia ... , by providing additional information or through subsequent practice to ensure [s] that the reservations are compatible with the provisions essential for the implementation of the object and purpose of the [Convention]". 3 March 1997 With regard to the reservations made by Brunei Darussalam, Kiribati and Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.]
Azerbaiyán	-	13 ago. 1992	-
Bahamas	30 oct. 1990	20 feb. 1991	Reserva "The Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas upon signing the Convention reserves the right not to apply the provisions of article 2 of the said Convention insofar as those provisions relate to the conferment of citizenship upon a child having regard to the Provisions of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas".
Bahrein	-	13 feb. 1992	-
Bangladesh	26 ene. 1990	3 ago. 1990	Reserva "[The Government of Bangladesh] ratifies the Convention with a reservation to article 14, paragraph 1. "Also article 21 would apply subject to the existing laws and practices in Bangladesh."
Barbados	19 abr. 1990	9 oct. 1990	-
Belarús	26 ene. 1990	1 oct. 1990	-
Bélgica	26 ene. 1990	16 dic. 1991	Reserva Interpretative declarations: 1. With regard to article 2, paragraph 1, according to the interpretation of the Belgian Government non-discrimination on grounds of national origin does not necessarily imply the obligation for States automatically to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals. This concept should be understood as designed to rule out all arbitrary conduct but not differences in treatment based on objective and reasonable considerations, in accordance with the principles prevailing in democratic societies. 2. Articles 13 and 15 shall be applied by the Belgian Government within the context of the provisions and limitations set forth or authorized by said Convention in articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950. 3. The Belgian Government declares that it interprets article 14, paragraph 1, as meaning that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 19 December 1966 and article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion implies also the freedom to choose his or her religion or belief. 4. With regard to article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v), the Belgian Government considers that the expression "according to law" at the end of that provision means that: (a) This provision shall not apply to minors who, under Belgian law, are declared guilty and are sentenced in a higher court following an appeal against their acquittal in a court of the first instance; (b) This provision shall not apply to minors who, under Belgian law, are referred directly to a higher court such as the Court of Assize. Objections: 26 September 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon ratification: The Government considers that paragraph 2 of the declarations, concerning articles 19 and 37 of the Convention and paragraph 3 of the reservations, concerning the constitutional limits upon the acceptance of the obligations contained in the Convention, are contrary to the purposes of the Convention and are consequently without effect under international law.
Belice	2 mar. 1990	2 may. 1990	-
Benin	25 abr. 1990	3 ago. 1990	-
Bhután	4 jun. 1990	1 ago. 1990	-
Bolivia	8 mar. 1990	26 jun. 1990	-
Bosnia y Herzegovina	-	1 sept. 1993	-
Botswana	-	14 mar. 1995	Reserva "The Government of the Republic of Botswana enters a reservation with regard to the provisions of article 1 of the Convention and does not consider itself bound by the same in so far as such may conflict with the Laws and Statutes of Botswana."
Brasil	26 ene. 1990	24 sept. 1990	-
Brunei Darussalam	-	27 dic. 1995	Reserva "[The Government of Brunei Darussalam] expresses its reservations on the provisions of the said Convention which may be contrary to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islam, the State, religion, and without prejudice to the generality of the said reservations, in particular expresses its reservation on articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention."
Bulgaria	31 may. 1990	3 jun. 1991	-
Burkina Faso	26 ene. 1990	31 ago. 1990	-
Burundi	8 may. 1990	19 oct. 1990	-
Cabo Verde	-	4 jun. 1992	-
Camboya	-	15 oct. 1992	-
Camerún	25 sept. 1990	11 ene. 1993	-
Canadá	28 may. 1990	13 dic. 1991	Reserva Reservations: "(i) Article 21 With a view to ensuring full respect for the purposes and intent of article 20 (3) and article 30 of the Convention, the Government of Canada reserves the right not to apply the provisions of article 21 to the extent that they may be inconsistent with customary forms of care among aboriginal peoples in Canada. "(ii) Article 37 (c) The Government of Canada accepts the general principles of article 37 (c) of the Convention, but reserves the right not to detain children separately from adults where this is not appropriate or feasible. Statement of understanding: "Article 30: It is the understanding of the Government of Canada that, in matters relating to aboriginal peoples of Canada, the fulfilment of its responsibilities under article 4 of the Convention must take into account the provisions of article 30. In particular, in assessing what measures are appropriate to implement the rights recognized in the Convention for aboriginal children, due regard must be paid to not denying their right, in community with other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion and to use their own language."	Communication from May 14th 2014: "The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Secretary-General's communication of 9 April 2014, numbered C.N.185.2014.TREATIES-IV.11, relating to that treaty. The Permanent Mission of Canada notes that this communication was made pursuant to the Secretary General's capacity as Depositary for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Permanent Mission of Canada notes the technical and administrative role of the Depositary, and that it is for States Parties to a treaty, not the Depositary, to make their own determination with respect to any legal issues raised by instruments circulated by a depositary. In that context, the Permanent Mission of Canada notes that 'Palestine' does not meet the criteria of a state under international law and is not recognized by Canada as a state. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the Permanent Mission of Canada wishes to note its position that in the context of the purported Palestinian accession to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 'Palestine' is not able to accede to this convention, and that the Convention on the Rights of the Child does not enter into force, or have an effect on Canada's treaty relations, with respect to the 'State of Palestine'."
Chad	30 sept. 1990	2 oct. 1990	-
Chile	26 ene. 1990	13 ago. 1990	-
China	29 ago. 1990	2 mar. 1992	Reserva Reservation: [T]he People's Republic of China shall fulfil its obligations provided by article 6 of the Convention under the prerequisite that the Convention accords with the provisions of article 25 concerning family planning of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and in conformity with the provisions of article 2 of the Law of Minor Children of the People's Republic of China.
Chipre	5 oct. 1990	7 feb. 1991	-
Colombia	26 ene. 1990	28 ene. 1991	Reserva Upon signature: The Colombian Government considers that, while the minimum age of 15 years for taking part in armed conflicts, set forth in article 38 of the Convention, is the outcome of serious negotiations which reflect various legal, political and cultural systems in the world, it would have been preferable to fix that age at 18 years in accordance with the principles and norms prevailing in various regions and countries, Colombia among them, for which reason the Colombian Government, for the purpose of article 38 of the Convention, shall construe the age in question to be 18 years. Upon ratification: Reservation: The Government of Colombia, pursuant to article 2, paragraph 1 (d) of the Convention, declares that for the purposes of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention, the age referred to in said paragraphs shall be understood to be 18 years, given the fact that, under Colombian law, the minimum age for recruitment into the armed forces of personnel called for military service is 18 years.
Comoras	30 sept. 1990	22 jun. 1993	-
Congo	-	14 oct. 1993	-
Costa de Marfil	26 ene. 1990	4 feb. 1991	-
Costa Rica	26 ene. 1990	21 ago. 1990	-
Croacia	-	12 oct. 1992	Reserva "The Republic of Croatia reserves the right not to apply paragraph 1 of article 9 of the Convention since the internal legis lation of the Republic of Croatia provides for the right of compet ent authorities (Centres for Social Work) to determine on separ ation of a child from his/her parents without a previous judicial review."
Cuba	26 ene. 1990	21 ago. 1991	Reserva Declaration: With reference to article 1 of the Convention, the Government of the Republic of Cuba declares that in Cuba, under the domestic legislation in force, majority is not attained at 18 years of age for purposes of the full exercise of civic rights.
Dinamarca	26 ene. 1990	19 jul. 1991	Reserva "Article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v) shall not be binding on Denmark. "It is a fundamental principle of the Danish Administration of Justice Act that everybody shall be entitled to have any penal measures imposed on him or her by a court of first instance reviewed by a higher court. There are, however, some provisions limiting this right in certain cases, for instance verdicts returned by a jury on the question of guilt, which have not been reversed by the legally trained judges of the court." Objections: 10 February 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam upon accession: "The Government of Denmark finds that the general reservation with reference to the Constitution of Brunei Darussalam and to the beliefs and principles of Islamic law is of unlimited scope and undefined character. Consequently, the Government of Denmark considers the said reservation as being incompatible with the object and purposes of the Convention and accordingly inadmissible and without effect under international law. Furthermore, it is a general principle of international law that national law may not be invoked as justification for failure to perform treaty obligations. The Convention remains in force in its entirety between Brunei Darussalam and Denmark. It is the opinion of the Government of Denmark, that no time limit applies to objections against reservations, which are inadmissible under international law. The Government of Denmark recommends the Government of Brunei Darussalam to reconsider its reservation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child." With regard to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Brunei Darussalam.]
Djibouti	30 sept. 1990	6 dic. 1990	-
Dominica	26 ene. 1990	13 mar. 1991	-
Ecuador	26 ene. 1990	23 mar. 1990	Reserva Upon signature: Declaration: "In signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Ecuador reaffirms . . . [that it is] especially pleased with the ninth preambular paragraph of the draft Convention, which pointed to the need to protect the unborn child, and believed that that paragraph should be borne in mind in interpreting all the articles of the Convention, particularly article 24. While the minimum age set in article 38 was, in its view, too low, [the Government of Ecuador] did not wish to endanger the chances for the Convention's adoption by consensus and therefore would not propose any amendment to the text."
Egipto	5 feb. 1990	6 jul. 1990	-
El Salvador	26 ene. 1990	10 jul. 1990	-
Emiratos Árabes Unidos	-	3 ene. 1997	Reserva Reservations: Article 7: The United Arab Emirates is of the view that the acquisition of nationality is an internal matter and one that is regulated and whose terms and conditions are established by national legislation. Article 14: The United Arab Emirates shall be bound by the tenor of this article to the extent that it does not conflict with the principles and provisions of Islamic law. Article 17: While the United Arab Emirates appreciates and respects the functions assigned to the mass media by the article, it shall be bound by its provisions in the light of the requirements of domestic statues and laws and, in accordance with the recognition accorded them in the preamble to the Convention, such a manner that the country's traditions and cultural values are not violated. Article 21: Since, given its commitment to the principles of Islamic law, the United Arab Emirates does not permit the system of adoption, it has reservations with respect to this article and does not deem it necesary to be bound by its provisions.
Eritrea	20 dic. 1993	3 ago. 1994	-
es República Yugoslava de Macedonia	-	2 dic. 1993	-
Eslovaquia	-	28 may. 1993	Reserva Objections: 9 August 1993 With regard to the reservation made by Qatar upon signature: "The Slovak Republic regards the general reservation made by the State of Qatar upon signature of the Convention as incompatible with the object and purpose of the said Convention as well as in contradiction with the well established principle of the Law of Treaties according to which a State cannot invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. Therefore, the Slovak Republic objects to the said general reservation."
Eslovenia	-	6 jul. 1992	-
España	26 ene. 1990	6 dic. 1990	Reserva Declarations: 1. Spain understands that article 21, paragraph (d), of the Convention may never be construed to permit financial benefits other than those needed to cover strictly necessary expenditure which may have arisen from the adoption of children residing in another country. 2. Spain, wishing to make common cause with those States and humanitarian organizations which have manifested their disagreement with the contents of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Convention, also wishes to express its disagreement with the age limit fixed therein and to declare that the said limit appears insufficient, by permitting the recruitment and participation in armed conflict of children having attained the age of fifteen years.
Estados Unidos de América	16 feb. 1995	-	-
Estonia	-	21 oct. 1991	-
Etiopía	-	14 may. 1991	-
Federación de Rusia	26 ene. 1990	16 ago. 1990	-
Fiji	2 jul. 1993	13 ago. 1993	-
Filipinas	26 ene. 1990	21 ago. 1990	-
Finlandia	26 ene. 1990	20 jun. 1991	Reserva Objections: 25 July 1991 With regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29: "In the view of the Government of Finland this reservation is subject to the general principle of treaty interpretation according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to perform a treaty. For the above reason the Government of Finland objects to the said reservation. However, the Government of Finland does not consider that this objection constitutes an obstacle to the entry into force of the said Convention between Finland and the Republic of Indonesia." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of Finland, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 25 July 1991: with regard to the reservation made by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification; - 9 June 1993: with regard to the reservation made by Qatar upon signature; - 24 June 1994: with regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification; - 5 September 1995: with regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic of) upon ratification. 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession: "The reservation made by Malaysia covers several central provisions of the [said Convention]. The broad nature of the said reservation leaves open to what extent Malaysia commits itself to the Convention and to the fulfilment of its obligations under the Convention. In the view of the Government of Finland reservations of such comprehensive nature may contribute to undermining the basis of international human rights treaties. The Government of Finland also recalls that the said reservation is subject to the general principle of the observance of the treaties according to which a party may not invoke its internal law, much less its national policies, as justification for its failure to perform its treaty obligations. It is in the common interest of the States that contracting parties to international treaties are prepared to undertake the necessary legislative changes in order to fulfil the object and purpose of the treaty. Moreover, the internal legislation as well as the national policies are also subject to changes which might further expand the unknown effects of the reservation. In its present formulation the reservation is clearly incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and therefore inadmissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the [said Convention]. Therefore the Government of Finland objects to such reservation. The Government of Finland further notes that the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia is devoid of legal effect. The Government of Finland recommends the Government of Malaysia to reconsider its reservation to the [said Convention]." With regard to the reservations made by Qatar upon ratification: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] 26 November 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession: "The reservations made in paragraphs 2 and 3 by the Republic of Singapore, consisting of a general reference to national law without stating unequivocally the provisions the legal effect of which may be excluded or modified, do not clearly define to the other Parties of the Convention the extent to which the reserving State commits itself to the Convention and therefore create doubts about the commitment of the reserving State to fulfil its obligations under the said Convention. Reservations of such unspecified nature may contribute to undermining the basis of international human rights treaties. The Government of Finland also recalls that these reservations of the Republic of Singapore are subject to the general principle of observance of treaties according to which a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for failure to perform its treaty obligations. It is in the common interest of States that Parties to international treaties are prepared to take the necessary legislative changes in order to fulfil the object and purpose of the treaty. The Government of Finland considers that in their present formulation these reservations made by the Republic of Singapore are incompatible with the object and purpose of the said Convention and therefore, inadmissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the said Convention. In view of the above, the Government of Finland objects to these reservations and notes that they are devoid of legal effect" 6 February 1998 With regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Singapore.]
Francia	26 ene. 1990	7 ago. 1990	Reserva Declarations and reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: (1) The Government of the French Republic declares that this Convention, particularly article 6, cannot be interpreted as constituting any obstacle to the implementation of the provisions of French legislation relating to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy. (2) The Government of the Republic declares that, in the light of article 2 of the Constitution of the French Republic, article 30 is not applicable so far as the Republic is concerned. (3) The Government of the Republic construes article 40, paragraph 2 (b) (v), as establishing a general principle to which limited exceptions may be made under law. This is particularly the case for certain non-appealable offences tried by the Police Court and for offences of a criminal nature. None the less, the decisions handed down by the final court of jurisdiction may be appealed before the Court of Cassation, which shall rule on the legality of the decision taken.
Gabón	26 ene. 1990	9 feb. 1994	-
Gambia	5 feb. 1990	8 ago. 1990	-
Georgia	-	2 jun. 1994	-
Ghana	29 ene. 1990	5 feb. 1990	-
Granada	21 feb. 1990	5 nov. 1990	-
Grecia	26 ene. 1990	11 may. 1993	-
Guatemala	26 ene. 1990	6 jun. 1990	Reserva Upon signature: Declaration: "The State of Guatemala is signing this Convention out of a humanitarian desire to strengthen the ideals on which the Convention is based, and because it is an instrument which seeks to institutionalize, at the global level, specific norms for the protection of children, who, not being legally of age, must be under the guardianship of the family, society and the State. "With reference to article 1 of the Convention, and with the aim of giving legal definition to its signing of the Convention, the Government of Guatemala declares that article 3 of its Political Constitution establishes that: "The State guarantees and protects human life from the time of its conception, as well as the integrity and security of the individual."
Guinea	-	13 jul. 1990	-
Guinea Bissau	26 ene. 1990	20 ago. 1990	-
Guinea Ecuatorial	-	15 jun. 1992	-
Guyana	30 sept. 1990	14 ene. 1991	-
Haití	26 ene. 1990	8 jun. 1995	-
Honduras	31 may. 1990	10 ago. 1990	-
Hungría	14 mar. 1990	7 oct. 1991	-
India	-	11 dic. 1992	Reserva Declaration: "While fully subscribing to the objectives and purposes of the Convention, realising that certain of the rights of child, namely those pertaining to the economic, social and cultural rights can only be progressively implemented in the developing countries, subject to the extent of available resources and within the framework of international co-operation; recognising that the child has to be protected from exploitation of all forms including economic exploitation; noting that for several reasons children of different ages do work in India; having prescribed minimum ages for employment in hazardous occupations and in certain other areas; having made regulatory provisions regarding hours and conditions of employment; and being aware that it is not practical immediately to prescribe minimum ages for admission to each and every area of employment in India - the Government of India undertakes to take measures to progressively implement the provisions of article 32, particularly paragraph 2 (a), in accordance with its national legislation and relevant international instruments to which it is a State Party."
Indonesia	26 ene. 1990	5 sept. 1990	-
Irak	-	15 jun. 1994	Reserva Reservation: The Government of Iraq has seen fit to accept [the Convention] ... subject to a reservation in respect to article 14, paragraph 1, concerning the child's freedom of religion, as allowing a child to change his or her religion runs counter to the provisions of the Islamic Shariah .
Irán	5 sept. 1991	13 jul. 1994	Reserva Upon signature: Reservation: "The Islamic Republic of Iran is making reservation to the articles and provisions which may be contrary to the Islamic Shariah, and preserves the right to make such particular declaration, upon its ratification". Upon ratification: Reservation: "The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran reserves the right not to apply any provisions or articles of the Convention that are incompatible with Islamic Laws and the international legislation in effect."
Irlanda	30 sept. 1990	28 sept. 1992	Reserva Upon signature: Declaration: "Ireland reserves the right to make, when ratifying the Convention, such declarations or reservations as it may consider necessary." Objections: With regard to the reservations made by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Jordan, Kuwait and Tunisia upon ratification, by Myanmar and Thailand upon accession, by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification, and by Turkey upon signature: "The Government of Ireland consider that such reservations, which seek to limit the responsibilities of the reserving State under the Convention, by invoking general principles of national law, may create doubts as to the commitment of those States to the object and purpose of the Convention." "This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Ireland and the aforementioned States." 5 September 1995 With regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic of) upon ratification: "The reservation poses difficulties for the States Parties to the Convention in identifying the provisions of the Convention which the Islamic Government of Iran does not intend to apply and consequently makes it difficult for States Parties to the Convention to determine the extent of their treaty relations with the reserving State. The Government of Ireland hereby formally makes objection to the reservation by the Islamic Republic of Iran." 26 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Malaysia upon accession: "Ireland considers that this reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and is therefore prohibited by article 51 (2) of the Convention. The Government of Ireland also considers that it contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. The Government of Ireland therefore objects to the said reservation. 13 March 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.]
Islandia	26 ene. 1990	28 oct. 1992	Reserva Declarations: "1. .. "2. With respect to article 37, the separation of juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners is not obligatory under Icelandic law. However, the law relating to prisons and imprisonment provides that when deciding in which penal institution imprisonment is to take place account should be taken of, inter alia, the age of the prisoner. In light of the circumstances prevailing in Iceland it is expected that decisions on the imprisonment of juveniles will always take account of the juvenile's best interest."
Islas Cook	-	6 jun. 1997	Reserva RESERVAS El Gobierno de las Islas Cook se reserva el derecho de no aplicar las disposiciones del artículo 2 de la Convención, en la medida en que guarden relación con la concesión a un niño de la nacionalidad o ciudadanía de las Islas Cook o el derecho de residencia permanente en el país, teniendo en cuenta la Constitución de las Islas Cook y otros textos que pueden estar en vigor en un momento u otro en las Islas Cook. En cuanto al artículo 10, el Gobierno de las Islas Cook se reserva el derecho de aplicar la legislación que considere necesarias de vez en cuando en lo que respecta a la entrada y la residencia en su territorio y la salida del país de personas que, en virtud de la legislación de las Islas Cook, no tienen derecho a entrar y residir en las Islas Cook, y no puede pretender la adquisición y tenencia de la ciudadanía. El Gobierno de las Islas Cook acepta los principios generales establecidos en el artículo 37. En cuanto a la segunda oración del párrafo c), la obligación de separar a los adultos los niños privados de libertad, sólo se aceptará si la separación se considera posible por las autoridades competentes. Las Islas Cook se reserva el derecho de no aplicar las disposiciones del artículo 37 la medida en que exigen que los niños detenidos se llevan a cabo en los locales separados de los de los adultos ". RETIRO PARCIAL DELAS RESERVAS -----el 25 marzo 2009----- El Gobierno de las Islas Cook acepta los principios generales establecidos en el artículo 37. En cuanto a la segunda oración del párrafo c), la obligación de separar a los niños de los adultos en privado la libertad sólo se acepta si la separación se considera posible por el competente. Las Islas Cook se reserva el derecho de no aplicar las disposiciones del artículo 37, en ya que exigen que los niños detenidos se llevan a cabo en instalaciones separadas de las de adultos. La notificación surtió efecto para las Islas Cook el 25 de marzo de 2009 con arreglo al apartado 3 del artículo 51 de la Convención que dice: "Las reservas podrán ser retiradas en cualquier momento mediante notificación dirigida al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, quien informará a todos los Estados Partes en la Convención. La notificación surtirá efecto en la fecha en que sea recibida por el Secretario General"
Islas Marshall	14 abr. 1993	4 oct. 1993	-
Islas Salomón	-	10 abr. 1995	-
Israel	3 jul. 1990	3 oct. 1991	-	Communication from May 16th 2014: “The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as depositary to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and refers to the communication by the depositary, dated 9 April 2014, regarding the Palestinian request to accede to this Convention (Reference number C.N.185.2014.TREATIES-IV.11). ‘Palestine’ does not satisfy the criteria for statehood under international law and lacks the legal capacity to join the aforesaid convention both under general international law and the terms of bilateral Israeli-Palestinian agreements. The Government of Israel does not recognize ‘Palestine’ as a State, and wishes to place on record, for the sake of clarity, its position that it does not consider ‘Palestine’ a party to the Convention and regards the Palestinian request for accession as being without legal validity and without effect upon Israel's treaty relations under the Convention.”
Italia	26 ene. 1990	5 sept. 1991	Reserva Objections: 18 July 1994 With regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: "... This reservation is too comprehensive and too general as to be compatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. The Government of Italy therefore objects to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between the Syrian Arab Republic and Italy." 14 June 1996 With regard to the reservations made by Qatar upon ratification: "The Government of the Italian Republic considers that such a reservation, which seeks to limit the responsibilities of Qatar under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of Qatar to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contributes to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become Parties should be respected, as to the objects and the purpose, by all Parties. The Government of the Italian Republic therefore objects to this reservation. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Government of the Italian Republic and the State of Qatar." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of Italy, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 14 June 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Botswana upon ratification; - 4 October 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Singapore upon accession; - 23 December 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam upon accession; - 2 April 1998: with regard to the reservation to articles 14, 17 and 21 made by the United Arab Emirates upon accession.
Jamaica	26 ene. 1990	14 may. 1991	-
Japón	21 sept. 1990	22 abr. 1994	Reserva Reservation: "In applying paragraph (c) of article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Japan reserves the right not to be bound by the provision in its second sentence, that is, `every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so', considering the fact that in Japan as regards persons deprived of liberty, those who are below twenty years of age are to be generally separated from those who are of twenty years of age and over under its national law." Declarations: 1. The Government of Japan declares that paragraph 1 of article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child be interpreted not to apply to a case where a child is separated from his or her parents as a result of deportation in accordance with its immigration law. 2. The Government of Japan declares further that the obligation to deal with applications to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family re-unification `in a positive, humane and expeditious manner' provided for in paragraph 1 of article 10 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child be interpreted not to affect the outcome of such applications."
Jordania	29 ago. 1990	24 may. 1991	Reserva The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan expresses its reservation and does not consider itself bound by articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Convention, which grant the child the right to freedom of choice of religion and concern the question of adoption, since they are at variance with the precepts of the tolerant Islamic Shariah.
Kazajstán	16 feb. 1994	12 ago. 1994	-
Kenya	26 ene. 1990	30 jul. 1990	-
Kiribati	-	11 dic. 1995	Reserva September 17, 2015 Withdrawal of reservation Reservation: "In respect of article 24 paragraphs (b,c,d,e and f), article 26 and article 28 paragraphs (b,c and d), in accordance with article 51 paragraph 1 of the Convention. Declaration: The Republic of Kiribati considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the rights defined in articles 12-16 shall be exercised with respect for parental authority, in accordance with the Kiribati customs and traditions regarding the place of the child within and outside the family."
Kuwait	7 jun. 1990	21 oct. 1991	Reserva Upon signature: Reservation: "[Kuwait expresses] reservations on all provisions of the Convention that are incompatible with the laws of Islamic Shari'a and the local statutes in effect." Upon ratification: Declarations: Article 7 The State of Kuwait understands the concepts of this article to signify the right of the child who was born in Kuwait and whose parents are unknown (parentless) to be granted the Kuwaiti nationality as stipulated by the Kuwaiti Nationality Laws. Article 21 The State of Kuwait, as it adheres to the provisions of the Islamic shariah as the main source of legislation, strictly bans abandoning the Islamic religion and does not therefore approve adoption.
Lesotho	21 ago. 1990	10 mar. 1992	-
Letonia	-	14 abr. 1992	-
Líbano	26 ene. 1990	14 may. 1991	-
Liberia	26 abr. 1990	4 jun. 1993	-
Libia	-	15 abr. 1993	-
Liechtenstein	30 sept. 1990	22 dic. 1995	Reserva Reservation concerning article 10: "The Principality of Liechtenstein reserves the right to apply the Liechtenstein legislation according to which family re-unification for certain categories of foreigners is not guarantied."
Lituania	-	31 ene. 1992	-
Luxemburgo	21 mar. 1990	7 mar. 1994	Reserva 1. The Government of Luxembourg believes that it is in the interest of families and children to maintain the provision of article 334-6 of the Civil Code, which reads as follows: Article 334-6. If at the time of conception, the father or mother was bound in marriage to another person, the natural child may be raised in the conjugal home only with the consent of the spouse of his parent. 2. The Government of Luxembourg declares that the present Convention does not require modification of the legal status of children born to parents between whom marriage is absolutely prohibited, such status being warranted by the interest of the child, as provided under article 3 of the Convention. 3. The Government of Luxembourg declares that article 6 of the present Convention presents no obstacle to implementation of the provisions of Luxembourg legislation concerning sex information, the prevention of back-street abortion and the regulation of pregnancy termination. 4. The Government of Luxembourg believes that article 7 of the Convention presents no obstacle to the legal process in respect of anonymous births, which is deemed to be in the interest of the child, as provided under article 3 of the Convention. 5. The Government of Luxembourg declares that article 15 of the present Convention does not impede the provisions of Luxembourg legislation concerning the capacity to exercise rights.
Madagascar	19 abr. 1990	19 mar. 1991	-
Malasia	-	17 feb. 1995	Reserva Reservation: "The Government of Malaysia accepts the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child but expresses reservations with respect to articles 2, 7, 14, 28 paragraph 1 (a) and 37, of the Convention and declares that the said provisions shall be applicable only if they are in conformity with the Constitution, national laws and national policies of the Government of Malaysia." 19 July 2010 Declaration : "With respect to article 28 paragraph 1 (a) of the Convention, the Government of Malaysia wishes to declare that with the amendment to the Education Act 1996 in the year 2002, primary education in Malaysia is made compulsory. In addition, the Government of Malaysia provides monetary aids and other forms of assistance to those who are eligible."
Malawi	-	2 ene. 1991	-
Maldivas	21 ago. 1990	11 feb. 1991	Reserva Upon signature: Reservations: "1) Since the Islamic Shariah is one of the fundamental sources of Maldivian Law and since Islamic Shariah does not include the system of adoption among the ways and means for the protection and care of children contained in Shariah, the Government of the Republic of Maldives expresses its reservation with respect to all the clauses and provisions relating to adoption in the said Convention on the Rights of the Child. "2) The Government of the Republic of Maldives expresses its reservation to paragraph 1 of article 14 of the said Convention on the Rights of the Child, since the Constitution and the Laws of the Republic of Maldives stipulate that all Maldivians should be Muslims." Upon ratification: Reservations to articles 14 and 21.
Malí	26 ene. 1990	20 sept. 1990	Reserva The Government of the Republic of Mali declares that, in view of the provisions of the Mali Family Code, there is no reason to apply article 16 of the Convention.
Malta	26 ene. 1990	30 sept. 1990	-
Marruecos	26 ene. 1990	21 jun. 1993	Reserva Declarations: The Government of the Kingdom of Morocco interprets the provisions of article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the light of the Constitution of 7 October 1996 and the other relevant provisions of its domestic law, as follows: Article 6 of the Constitution, which provides that Islam, the State religion, shall guarantee freedom of worship for all. Article 54, paragraph 6, of Act 70-03 (the Family Code), which stipulates that parents owe their children the right to religious guidance and education based on good conduct. By this declaration, the Kingdom of Morocco reaffirms its attachment to universally recognized human rights and its commitment to the purposes of the aforementioned Convention.
Mauricio	-	26 jul. 1990	-
Mauritania	26 ene. 1990	16 may. 1991	Reserva Upon signature: Reservation: In signing this important Convention, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is making reservations to articles or provisions which may be contrary to the beliefs and values of Islam, the religion of the Mauritania People and State.
México	26 ene. 1990	21 sept. 1990	-
Micronesia,Estados Federados de	-	5 may. 1993	-
Mónaco	-	21 jun. 1993	Reserva Declaration: The Principality of Monaco declares that this Convention, especially article 7, shall not affect the rules laid down in Monegasque legislation regarding nationality. Reservation: The Principality of Monaco interprets article 40, paragraph 2 (b)(v) as stating a general principle which has a number of statutory exceptions. Such, for example, is the case with respect to certain criminal offences. In any event, in all matters the Judicial Review Court rules definitively on appeals against all decisions of last resort.
Mongolia	26 ene. 1990	5 jul. 1990	-
Montenegro	-	23 oct. 2006	-
Mozambique	30 sept. 1990	26 abr. 1994	-
Myanmar	-	15 jul. 1991	-
Namibia	26 sept. 1990	30 sept. 1990	-
Nauru	-	27 jul. 1994	-
Nepal	26 ene. 1990	14 sept. 1990	-
Nicaragua	6 feb. 1990	5 oct. 1990	-
Níger	26 ene. 1990	30 sept. 1990	-
Nigeria	26 ene. 1990	19 abr. 1991	-
Niue	-	20 dic. 1995	-
Noruega	26 ene. 1990	8 ene. 1991	Reserva Objections: 30 December 1991 With regard to the declaration made by Djibouti upon ratification: "A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may create doubts about the commitments of the reserving state to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Norway, therefore, objects to this reservation. "This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Norway and the Republic of Djibouti." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of Norway, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 30 December 1991: with regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 and with regard to the reservation made by Pakistan upon signature and confirmed upon ratification; - 25 October 1994: with regard to the reservation made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification; - 5 September 1995: with regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic of) upon ratification. 14 June 1996 With regard to the declaration made by Qatar upon ratification: "The Government of Norway considers that the reservation made by the State of Qatar, due to its unlimited scope and undefined character, is inadmissible under international law. For that reason, the Government of Norway objects to the reservation made by the State of Qatar. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and the State of Qatar." 27 June 1996 With regard to the reservation made by Malaysia upon ratification: "The Government of Noway considers that the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia, due to its very broad scope and undefined character, is incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention, and thus not permitted under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Moreover, the Government of Norway considers that the monitoring system established under the Convention is not optional and that, accordingly, reservations with respect to articles 44 and 45 of the Convention are not permissible. For these reasons, the Government of Norway objects to the reservation made by the Government of Malaysia. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and Malaysia." 29 November 1996 With regard to the reservation and declaration made by Singapore upon accession: "The Government of Norway considers that reservation (3) made by the Republic of Singapore, due to its unlimited scope and undefined character, is contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention, and thus impermissible under article 51, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Furthermore, the Government of Norway considers that declaration (2) made by the Republic of Singapore, in so far as it purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of articles 19 and 37 of the Convention, also constitutes a reservation impermissible under the Convention, due to the fundamental nature of the rights concerned and the unspecified reference to domestic law. For these reasons, the Government of Norway objects to the said reservations made by the Government of Singapore. The Government of Norway does not consider this objection to preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Singapore." 4 March 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Brunei Darussalam upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Qatar.] 13 March 1997 With regard to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Malaysia.] 9 February 1998 With regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession: [Same objection, mutatis mutandis, as the one made with regard to Singapore.]
Nueva Zelandia	1 oct. 1990	6 abr. 1993	Reserva Reservations: Nothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the Government of New Zealand to continue to distinguish as it considers appropriate in its law and practice between persons accord ing to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand including but not limited to their entitlement to benefits and other protections described in the Convention, and the Government of New Zealand reserves the right to interpret and apply the Convention accordingly. The Government of New Zealand considers that the rights of the child provided for in article 32 (1) are adequately protected by its existing law. It therefore reserves the right not to legislate further or to take additional measures as may be envisaged in article 32 (2). The Government of New Zealand reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) in circumstances where the shortage of suitable facilities makes the mixing of juveniles and adults unavoidable; and further reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) where the interests of other juveniles in an establishment require the removal of a particular juvenile offender or where mixing is considered to be of benefit to the persons concerned.
Omán	-	9 dic. 1996	Reserva WITHDRAWAL OF RESERVATIONS TO ARTICLES 7, 9, 21 AND 30 MADE UPON ACCESSION 9 December 2014 Reservations: 1. The words "or to public safety" should be added in article 9 [, paragraph 4,] after the words "unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. 2. A reservation is entered to all the provisions of the Convention that do not accord with Islamic law or the legislation in force in the Sultanate and, in particular, to the provisions relating to adoption set forth in its article 21. 3. The provisions of the Convention should be applied within the limits imposed by the material resources available. 4. The Sultanate considers that article 7 of the Convention as it relates to the nationality of a child shall be understood to mean that a child born in the Sultanate of unknown parents shall acquire Oman nationality, as stipulated in the Sultanate's Nationality Law. 5. The Sultanate does not consider itself to be bound by those provisions of article 14 of the Convention that accord a child the right to choose his or her religion or those of its article 30 that allow a child belonging to a religious minority to profess his or her own religion.
Países Bajos	26 ene. 1990	6 feb. 1995	Reserva Reservations: "Article 26: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 26 of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not imply an independent entitlement of children to social security, including social insurance. "Article 37: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 37 (c) of the Convention with the reservation that these provisions shall not prevent the application of adult penal law to children of sixteen years and older, provided that certain criteria laid down by law have been met. "Article 40: The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the provisions of article 40 of the Convention with the reservation that cases involving minor offences may be tried without the presence of legal assistance and that with respect to such offences the position remains that no provision is made in all cases for a review of the facts or of any measures imposed as a consequence." Declarations: "Article 14: It is the understanding of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that article 14 of the Convention is in accordance with the provisions of article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 19 December 1966 and that this article shall include the freedom of a child to have or adopt a religion or belief of his or her choice as soon as the child is capable of making such choice in view of his or her age or maturity. "Article 22: With regard to article 22 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands declares: a) that it understands the term "refugee" in paragraph 1 of this article as having the same meaning as in article 1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951; and b) that it is of the opinion that the obligation imposed under the terms of this article does not prevent - the submission of a request for admission from being made subject to certain conditions, failure to meet such conditions resulting in inadmissibility; - the referral of a request for admission to a third State, in the event that such a State is considered to be primarily responsible for dealing with the request for asylum. "Article 38 With regard to article 38 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands declares that it is of the opinion that States would not be allowed to involve children directly or indirectly in hostilities and that the minimum age for the recruitment or incorporation of children in the armed forces should be above fifteen years. In times of armed conflict, provisions shall prevail that are most conducive to guaranteeing the protection of children under international law, as referred to in article 41 of the Convention." Objections: With regard to the reservations made by Djibouti, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification: "The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands considers that such reservations, which seek to limit the responsibilities of the reserving State under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law, may raise doubts as to the commitment of these States to the object and purpose of the Convention and moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties should be respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands therefore objects to these reservations. This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the aformentioned States." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of the Netherlands, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 11 June 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Qatar upon ratification; - 14 June 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Botswana upon accession and Turkey upon ratification; - 25 June 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Malaysia upon accession; - 6 November 1996: with regard to the reservations made by Singapore upon accession; - 3 March 1997: with regard to the reservations made by Liechtenstein upon ratification and Brunei Darussalam, Kiribati and Saudi Arabia upon accession; - 6 March 1997: with regard to the declaration made by Andorra upon ratification; - 10 February 1998: with regard to the reservations made by Oman upon accession. - 6 April 1998: with regard to the reservation made to article 14 by the United Arab Emirates upon accession. Moreover, the Government of the Netherlands made the following declaration with regard to the reservation made by the Government of the United Arab Emirates with respect to article 7 : “The Go vernment of the Kingdom of the Netherlans assumes that the United Arab Emirates shall ensure the implementation of the rights mentioned in article 7, first paragraph, of [the Convention] not only in accordance with its national law but also with its obligations under the relevant international instrument in this field.”
Pakistán	20 sept. 1990	12 nov. 1990	-
Palau	-	4 ago. 1995	-
Panamá	26 ene. 1990	12 dic. 1990	-
Papua Nueva Guinea	30 sept. 1990	2 mar. 1993	-
Paraguay	4 abr. 1990	25 sept. 1990	-
Perú	26 ene. 1990	4 sept. 1990	-
Polonia	26 ene. 1990	7 jun. 1991	Reserva Reservations: - With respect to article 7 of the Convention, the Republic of Poland stipulates that the right of an adopted child to know its natural parents shall be subject to the limitations imposed by binding legal arrangements that enable adoptive parents to maintain the confidentiality of the child's origin; - The law of the Republic of Poland shall determine the age from which call-up to military or similar service and participation in military operations are permissible. That age limit may not be lower than the age limit set out in article 38 of the Convention. Declarations: - The Republic of Poland considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the rights defined in articles 12 to 16, shall be exercised with respect for parental authority, in accordance with Polish customs and traditions regarding the place of the child within and outside the family; - With respect to article 24, paragraph 2 (f), of the Convention, the Republic of Poland considers that family planning and education services for parents should be in keeping with the prin ciples of morality.
Portugal	26 ene. 1990	21 sept. 1990	Reserva Objections: 15 July 1992 With regard to the reservations made by Myanmar upon accession, by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Kuwait and Pakistan upon ratification and by Turkey upon signature: "The Government of Portugal considers that reservations by which a State limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of National Law may create doubts on the commitments of the reserving State to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of International Law. It is in the common interest of States that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Portugal therefore objects to the reservations. This objection shall not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Portugal and Myanmar. The Government of Portugal furthermore notes that, as a matter of principle, the same objection could be made to the reservations presented by Bangladesh, Djibouti, Indonesia, Kuwait, Pakistan and Turkey." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of the Portugal, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 13 December 1994: with regard to the reservation made by Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification; - 4 December 1995: with regard to the reservation made by Malaysia upon accession; - 11 January 1996: with regard to the reservation made by Qatar upon ratification; - 30 January 1997: with regard to reservations made by Brunei Darussalam, Kiribati and Saudi Arabia upon accession.
Qatar	8 dic. 1992	3 abr. 1995	Reserva Reserva hecha en el momento de la firma y confirmada en el momento de la ratificación: El Estado de Qatar desea formular una reserva general con respecto a las disposiciones del Convenio que son incompatibles con la ley islámica. RETIRADA PARCIAL DE LA RESERVA "Declaremos por este presente que el Estado de Qatar decidió proceder a la retirada parcial de su reserva general, ésta que permanecía vigente solamente en cuanto a los artículos 2 y 14 de susodicho convenio " RETIRADA PARCIAL DE LA RESERVA
Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte	19 abr. 1990	16 dic. 1991	Reserva Upon signature: "The United Kingdom reserves the right to formulate, upon ratifying the Convention, any reservations or interpretative declarations which it might consider necessary." Upon ratification: Declarations: "(a) The United Kingdom interprets the Convention as appli cable only following a live birth. "(b) The United Kingdom interprets the references in the Convention to `parents' to mean only those persons who, as a matter of national law, are treated as parents. This includes cases where the law regards a child as having only one parent, for example where a child has been adopted by one person only and in certain cases where a child is conceived other than as a result of sexual intercourse by the woman who gives birth to it and she is treated as the only parent. Reservations: "[.....]" Declaration: "The United Kingdom reserves the right to extend the Convention at a later date to any territory for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible." 7 September 1994 Declarations: "The United Kingdom refers to the reservation and declarations (a), (b) and (c) which accompanied its instrument of ratification and makes a similar reservation and declarations in respect to each of its dependent territories. The United Kingdom, in respect of each of its dependent territories except Hong Kong and Pitcairn, reserves the right to apply article 32 subject to the laws of those territories which treat certain persons under 18 not as children but as `young people'. In respect of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom reserves the right not to apply article 32 (b) in so far as it might require regulation of the hours of employment ofyoung persons who have attained the age of fifteen years in respect of work in non-industrial establishments. Where at any time there is a lack of suitable detention facilities or where the mixing of adults and children is deemed to be mutually beneficial, the United Kingdom, in respect of each of its dependent territories, reserves the right not to apply article 37 (c) in so far as those provisions require children who are detained to be accommodated separately from adults. The United Kingdom, in respect of Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands, will seek to apply the Convention to the fullest extent to children seeking asylum in those territories except in so far as conditions and resources make full implementation impracticable. In particular, in relation to article 22, the United Kingdom reserves the right to continue to apply any legislation in those territories governing the detention of children seeking refugee status, the determination of their status and their entry into, stay in and departure from those territories. The Government of the United Kingdom reserves the right to extend the Convention at a later date to any other territories for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible."	Territorial Application from May 29, 2014: “… the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland wishes the United Kingdom's Ratification of [the Convention] be extended to the territory of the Bailiwick of Jersey for whose international relations the United Kingdom is responsible. The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland considers the extension of [the Convention] to the Bailiwick of Jersey to enter into force on the date of receipt of this notification by [the Secretary-General] for deposit…”
República Árabe Siria	18 sept. 1990	15 jul. 1993	Reserva The Syrian Arab Republic has reservations on the Convention’s provisions which are not in conformity with the Syrian Arab legislations and with the Islamic Shariaa’s principles, in particular the content of Article 14 related to the Right of the Child to the freedom of religion [...]
República Centroafricana	30 jul. 1990	23 abr. 1992	-
República Checa	-	22 feb. 1993	-
República de Corea	25 sept. 1990	20 nov. 1991	Reserva Reservations: The Republic of Korea considers itself not bound by the provisions of paragraph (a) of article 21 and sub-paragraph (b) (v) of paragraph 2 of article 40.
República Democratica del Congo	20 mar. 1990	27 sept. 1990	-
República Democrática Popular Lao	-	8 may. 1991	-
República Dominicana	8 ago. 1990	11 jun. 1991	-
República Kirguisa	-	7 oct. 1994	-
República Popular Democrática de Corea	23 ago. 1990	21 sept. 1990	-
República Unida de Tanzania	1 jun. 1990	10 jun. 1991	-
Repuública de Moldova	-	26 ene. 1993	-
Rumania	26 ene. 1990	28 sept. 1990	-
Rwanda	26 ene. 1990	24 ene. 1991	-
Saint Kitts y Nevis	26 ene. 1990	24 jul. 1990	-
Samoa	30 sept. 1990	29 nov. 1994	Reserva Reservation: "The Government of Western Samoa whilst recognising the importance of providing free primary education as specified under article 28 (1)(a) of the Convention on the rights of the child And being mindful of the fact that the greater portion of schools within Western Samoa that provide primary education are controlled by bodies outside the control of the government Pursuant then to article 51, the Government of Western Samoa thus reserves the right to allocate resources to the primary level sector of education in Western Samoa in contrast to the requirement of article 28 (1)(a) to provide free primary education."
San Marino	-	25 nov. 1991	-
San Vicente y las Granadinas	20 sept. 1993	26 oct. 1993	-
Santa Lucía	30 sept. 1990	16 jun. 1993	-
Santa Sede	20 abr. 1990	20 abr. 1990	Reserva Reservations: "a) [The Holy See] interprets the phrase `Family planning education and services' in article 24.2, to mean only those methods of family planning which it considers morally acceptable, that is, the natural methods of family planning. "b) [The Holy See] interprets the articles of the Convention in a way which safeguards the primary and inalienable rights of parents, in particular insofar as these rights concern education (articles 13 and 28), religion (article 14), association with others (article 15) and privacy (article 16). "c) [The Holy See declares] that the application of the Convention be compatible in practice with the particular nature of the Vatican City State and of the sources of its objective law (art. 1, Law of 7 June 1929, n. 11) and, in consideration of its limited extent, with its legislation in the matters of citizenship, access and residence." Declaration: "The Holy See regards the present Convention as a proper and laudable instrument aimed at protecting the rights and interests of children, who are 'that precious treasure given to each generation as a challenge to its wisdom and humanity' (Pope John Paul II, 26 April 1984). "The Holy See recognizes that the Convention represents an enactment of principles previously adopted by the United Nations, and once effective as a ratified instrument, will safeguard the rights of the child before as well as after birth, as expressly affirmed in the `Declaration of the Rights of the Child' [Res. 136 (XIV)] and restated in the ninth preambular paragraph of the Convention. The Holy See remains confident that the ninth preambular paragraph will serve as the perspective through which the rest of the Convention will be interpreted, in conformity with article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. "By acceding to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Holy See intends to give renewed expression to its constant concern for the well-being of children and families. In consideration of its singular nature and position, the Holy See, in acceding to this Convention, does not intend to prescind in any way from its specific mission which is of a religious and moral character."
Santo Tomé y Príncipe	-	14 may. 1991	-
Senegal	26 ene. 1990	31 jul. 1990	-
Serbia	-	12 mar. 2001	-
Seychelles	-	7 sept. 1990	-
Sierra Leona	13 feb. 1990	18 jun. 1990	-
Singapur	-	5 oct. 1995	Reserva Declarations: "(1) The Republic of Singapore considers that a child's rights as defined in the Convention, in particular the rights defined in article 12 to 17, shall in accordance with articles 3 and 5 be exercised with respect for the authority of parents, schools and other persons who are entrusted with the care of the child and in the best interests of the child and in accordance with the customs, values and religions of Singapore's multi-racial and multi-religious society regarding the place of the child within and outside the family. (2) The Republic of Singapore considers that articles 19 and 37 of the Convention do not prohibit - (a) the application of any prevailing measures prescribed by law for maintaining law and order in the Republic of Singapore; (b) measures and restrictions which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in the interests of national security, public safety, public order, the protection of public health or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others; or (c) the judicious application of corporal punishment in the best interest of the child. Reservations: (3) The Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Singapore provide adequate protection and fundamental rights and liberties in the best interests of the child. The accession to the Convention by the Republic of Singapore does not imply the acceptance of obligations going beyond the limits prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore nor the acceptance of any obligation to introduce any right beyond those prescribed under the Constitution. (4) Singapore is geographically one of the smallest independent countries in the world and one of the most densely populated. The Republic of Singapore accordingly reserves the right to apply such legislation and conditions concerning the entry into, stay in and departure from the Republic of Singapore of those who do not or who no longer have the right under the laws of the Republic of Singapore, to enter and remain in the Republic of Singapore, and to the acquisition and possession of citizenship, as it may deem necessary from time to time and in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Singapore. (5) The employment legislation of the Republic of Singapore prohibits the employment of children below 12 years old and gives special protection to working children between the ages of 12 years and below the age of 16 years. The Republic of Singapore reserves the right to apply article 32 subject to such employment legislation. (6) With respect to article 28.1(a), the Republic of Singapore- (a) does not consider itself bound by the requirement to make primary education compulsory because such a measure is unnecessary in our social context where in practice virtually all children attend primary school; and (b) reserves the right to provide primary education free only to children who are citizens of Singapore."
Somalia	9 may. 2002	1 oct. 2015	-
Sri Lanka	26 ene. 1990	12 jul. 1991	-
Sudáfrica	29 ene. 1993	16 jun. 1995	-
Sudán	24 jul. 1990	3 ago. 1990	-
Sudán del Sur	-	23 ene. 2015	Reserva
Suecia	26 ene. 1990	29 jun. 1990	Reserva Objections: 20 September 1991 With regard to the reservation made by Indonesia upon ratification concerning articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29: "A reservation by which a State party limits its responsibilities under the Convention by invoking general principles of national law may cast doubts on the commitments of the reserving state to the object and purpose of the Convention and, moreover, contribute to undermining the basis of international treaty law. It is in the common interest of states that treaties to which they have chosen to become parties also are respected, as to object and purpose, by all parties. The Government of Sweden therefore objects to the reservations. "This objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention between Sweden and the Republic of Indonesia." Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, from the Government of Sweden, objections of the same nature as the one above with regard to reservations made by the following States on the dates indicated hereinafter: - 20 September 1991: with regard to the first reservation made by Pakistan upon ratification; - 26 August 1992: with regard to the reservations made by Jordan upon ratification concerning articles 14, 20 and 21; - 29 March 1994: with regard to the reservations made by the Syrian Arab Republic upon ratification; - 1 September 1995: with regard to the reservation made by Iran (Islamic Republic of) upon ratification; - 26 June 1996: with regard to the reservations made by Malaysia upon accession; - 18 March 1997: with regard to the reservation made by Saudi Arabia upon accession; - 9 February 1998: with regard to the reservation made by Oman upon accession.
Suiza	1 may. 1991	24 feb. 1997	Reserva Declaration: Switzerland refers expressly to the obligations of all States to apply the rules of international humanitarian law and national law to the extent that they ensure better protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict. ...... (c) Reservation concerning article 10, paragraph 1: Swiss legislation, which does not guarantee family reunification to certain categories of aliens, is unaffected. (d) Reservation concerning article 37(c): The separation of children deprived of liberty from adults is not unconditionally guarantied. (e) Reservation concerning article 40: The Swiss penal procedure applicable to children, which does not guarantee either the unconditional right to assistance or separation, where personnel or organization is concerned, between the examining authority and the sentencing authority, is unaffected. ...
Suriname	26 ene. 1990	1 mar. 1993	-
Swazilandia	22 ago. 1990	7 sept. 1995	Reserva Declaration: "The Convention on the Rights of the Child being a point of departure to guarantee child rights; taking into consideration the progressive character of the implementation of certain social, economic and cultural rights; as recognized in article 4 of the Convention, the Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland would undertake the implementation of the right to free primary education to the maximum extent of available resources and expects to obtain the co-operation of the international Community for its full satisfaction as soon as possible."
Tailandia	-	27 mar. 1992	Reserva "The application of articles 7, 22 .... of the Convention on the Rights of the Child shall be subject to the national laws, regulations and prevailing practices in Thailand."
Tayikistán	-	26 oct. 1993	-
Timor-Leste	-	16 abr. 2003	-
Togo	26 ene. 1990	1 ago. 1990	-
Tonga	-	6 nov. 1995	-
Trinidad y Tabago	30 sept. 1990	5 dic. 1991	-
Túnez	26 feb. 1990	30 ene. 1992	Reserva Declarations: ... 3. The Government of the Republic of Tunisia declares that the Preamble to and the provisions of the Convention, in particular article 6, shall not be interpreted in such a way as to impede the application of Tunisian legislation concerning voluntary termination of pregnancy.
Turkmenistán	-	20 sept. 1993	-
Turquía	14 sept. 1990	4 abr. 1995	Reserva Reservation made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification: The Republic of Turkey reserves the right to interpret and apply the provisions of articles 17, 29 and 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child according to the letter and the spirit of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey and those of the Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923.
Tuvalu	-	22 sept. 1995	-
Ucrania	21 feb. 1990	28 ago. 1991	-
Uganda	17 ago. 1990	17 ago. 1990	-
Uruguay	26 ene. 1990	20 nov. 1990	Reserva Upon signature: Declaration: On signing this Convention, Uruguay reaffirms the right to make reservations upon ratification, if it considers it appropriate. Upon ratification: Reservation: The Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay affirms, in regard to the provisions of article 38, paragraphs 2 and 3, that in accordance with Uruguayan law it would have been desirable for the lower age limit for taking a direct part in hostilities in the event of an armed conflict to be set at 18 years instead of 15 years as provided in the Convention. Furthermore, the Government of Uruguay declares that, in the exercise of its sovereign will, it will not authorize any persons under its jurisdiction who have not attained the age of 18 years to take a direct part in hostilities and will not under any circumstances recruit persons who have not attained the age of 18 years.
Uzbekistán	-	29 jun. 1994	-
Vanuatu	30 sept. 1990	7 jul. 1993	-
Venezuela	26 ene. 1990	13 sept. 1990	Reserva Interpretative declarations: 1. A ticle 21 (b): The Government of Venezuela understands this provision as referring to international adoption and in no circumstances to placement in a foster home outside the country. It is also its view that the provision cannot be interpreted to the detriment of the State's obligation to ensure due protection of the child. 2. Article 21 (d): The Government of Venezuela takes the position that neither the adoption nor the placement of children should in any circumstances result in financial gain for those in any way involved in it. 3. Article 30: The Government of Venezuela takes the position that this article must be interpreted as a case in which article 2 of the Convention applies.
Viet Nam	26 ene. 1990	28 feb. 1990	-
Yemen	13 feb. 1990	1 may. 1991	-
Zambia	30 sept. 1990	6 dic. 1991	-
Zimbabwe	8 mar. 1990	11 sept. 1990	-

Total : 196

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